Articles

The future of urban planning may lie in Brazil's second-largest city: Rio de Janeiro. But it is not along the glittering waterfront of Ipanema, overlooked because it houses some of the most expensive real estate in Latin America. Nor is it in the city center, renovated for the 2016 Olympics and now the focus of a major urban revitalization plan. To glimpse the future of cities, one must pass by the Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon to the Jardim Botânico neighborhood and then look up at the hills, where the immense neighborhood of Rocinha is perilously perched on the slopes.

In its most widely accepted definition, sustainable development is understood as meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own. While often associated with environmental and natural resource issues, sustainable development goes further, encompassing social and economic aspects such as justice, inclusion, and poverty eradication.

Something is deeply wrong when the most beautiful streets in Brazil would be forbidden from being built today. Indeed, the vast majority of Brazilian master plans prohibit any of us from building houses and buildings with the very characteristics that led these streets to be voted the most beautiful in the country.

The Covid-19 pandemic hit public transit hard. Initially, global ridership dropped by up to 80%, and by the end of 2020, public transit was still operating with only about 20% of its pre-pandemic passenger volume. The concern is that, if public transit does not recover, people will increasingly opt for private vehicles.

Over the last few decades, discussions on addressing climate challenges have unfolded even as we experience their effects. Although cars and motorcycles are the primary emitters of pollutants, buses also play a significant role in greenhouse gas emissions and the rise of illnesses related to air pollution. In this regard, adopting new technologies, such as electric buses and alternative fuels, is essential to reducing their impact on public health and the environment.

For the first time in history, the global urban population has surpassed the rural population. Today, 55% of people live in urban areas, and projections indicate this figure will reach nearly 70% by 2050—an increase of 2.5 billion urban dwellers. This prompts us to ask: what model of urbanization do we want for the coming decades? The answer depends on understanding rising urbanization rates as a challenge not only for cities but also for rural and peri-urban territories, whether productive or natural.

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When we think of healthcare, we think of doctors, nurses, surgeons, radiologists, and anesthesiologists  – the people who treat illnesses and save lives.

Yet we often overlook a large group of people who make saving lives possible – medical coding specialists, healthcare service managers, hospital architects and engineers, and others working behind the scenes to deliver positive health outcomes.

São Paulo's downtown area clearly displays the contradictions of our cities. On one hand, vacant properties sit idle in areas well-served by urban infrastructure; on the other, the number of people experiencing homelessness is growing, sheltered in tents and precarious, makeshift structures.

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The Glass House, located on Ponus Ridge Road in New Canaan, Connecticut, was designed and built in the late 1940s as the home of its architect, Philip Johnson. Considered an icon of modern architecture, the house explores the boundaries between interior and exterior. One year after its completion, its mimesis, the Brick House, was built 25 meters in front of it, sharing the same length but only half the depth of the glass house.

The impacts of human-induced climate change have already caused loss and damage to people and ecosystems. These impacts are most severe among marginalized urban populations, such as slum dwellers. In the most vulnerable regions, the number of deaths from droughts, floods, and storms was 15 times higher over the last decade than in the least vulnerable regions.

Across a 350-hectare site, 24 superblocks organize the ten thousand housing units of the Ciudad Kennedy complex in Bogotá. Built between 1961 and 1963, its construction embodies an urban vision embedded in a social, political, and ideological framework that specifically involved Colombia, yet was shared to some extent across Latin America during the Cold War.

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The postgraduate course Cidades em Disputa – pesquisa, história e processos sociais, at Escola da Cidade, hosted Tainá de Paula, who delivered the open lecture “Body and Territorialities: The Necessary Debate on the Non-City.” Raised in one of the favelas of Praça Seca, in the West Zone of Rio de Janeiro, the architect and urban planner defines herself as a Black woman, mother, and activist for urban struggles, particularly in the peripheries and favelas. During her talk, Tainá—who has also served as a city councilor since 2020—discussed subalternized territories and the “non-city,” which excludes and segregates, while stressing the urgent need to build an agenda to break away from these conditions through racial, class, and gender emancipation.

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Escola da Cidade, through the Architecture, Education, and Society and Mobility and Contemporary City courses of its Graduate Program, in partnership with the Alana Institute's Child and Nature program, invited Ursula Troncoso to deliver two lectures. Aiming to foster an agenda for creating greener, more accessible, and child-friendly cities that places childhood at the center of the urban debate, the initiative recognizes the need to build a collaborative network between universities, public officials, and civil society to promote actions centered on urban innovation, quality of life, sustainability, and well-being for both children and the planet.

This past January, the Municipal Government of São Paulo, one of Latin America's largest cities, released the results of its Census of the Homeless Population, presenting its socioeconomic characterization and a territorial profile. Recent GDP data, along with the census findings, demonstrate the impacts of the pandemic and the economic and political crisis on society, confirming what is being reflected across major Brazilian cities.

In 2014, when The Guardian reporter Ben Quinn opened the eyes of citizens worldwide to hostile urban design practices, coining what would become known as the "hostile architecture" phenomenon, few expected such a massive global response. A myriad of urban design strategies came to light, which restrict civic participation and segregate how the city is appropriated—elements that curb specific behaviors and hinder access and presence for certain social groups. These codes of conduct, dictated by urban design, run counter to everything studied about democratic, welcoming cities, as championed by Jan Gehl and Jane Jacobs.

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If Zininho—author of the anthem of Santa Catarina’s capital—had turned his songwriting to Florianópolis's urban planning, he would certainly have reached the same conclusion: never has a poet had so much to sing about.

And with good reason: urban irregularity in Florianópolis is so widespread that reliable data on the subject only recently came to light. The city's own Director of Urban Planning estimated irregular occupations at 40% to 45% of the total. Only with the proposed Master Plan revision in late December 2021 did we learn that irregularity varies from 5.21% in the continental mainland to 81.84% in the Rio Vermelho district. Six of the thirteen districts have over 40% of their urban footprint in informal settlements, and only four remain under 20%.

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National School Day was celebrated yesterday, March 15, an important date to remember and value the role of educational institutions. Spaces that foster new perspectives, knowledge, exchanges, interaction, and play must be designed to rise to the challenge. While we have previously highlighted fifteen projects designed by Brazilian architects, today we take the opportunity to showcase some of the solutions and techniques adopted in recent years when approaching this program.

Working at the intersection of architectural and social projects, Grupo ][ Fresta was one of the practices recognized by the 2021 IAB Awards in the Urbanism, Planning, and Cities category. The highlighted project proposes a set of infrastructure alongside cultural and community facilities across 12 Guarani and Tupi villages, spread over 24,000 hectares of land south of the country's largest city.

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