Articles

The Thames, the Danube, the Seine, the Nile, the Hudson—all of these names immediately evoke specific cities. This is because discussing the history of urban planning inherently means exploring the relationship between the city and the river, as waterways are fundamental natural elements around which many cities were founded. This is primarily due to the utilitarian nature of water bodies, which, in addition to defining—and consequently protecting—cities, provided water supply and served to transport raw materials and goods. The river, therefore, functioned as an urban backbone, fostering activity along its banks and driving economic and social development.

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Playing with our imagination by dissolving the boundaries between sky and sea, infinity pools have become increasingly common in architectural projects. The optical illusion that attracts so many clients occurs when one or more of the pool's walls match the water level exactly, tricking the eye into believing there are no physical boundaries containing the volume. In this system, water literally overflows into a reservoir, from which it is pumped back into the pool.

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Transparent media allow light to pass through without dispersing it. Translucent materials, on the other hand, allow light to pass through in an irregular manner; because a portion of the light disperses, they prevent us from seeing through them with total clarity. Translucent surfaces act as veils, revealing without exposing, and literally blurring the boundary between interior and exterior. This effect is widely utilized in architectural design. From the signature facades of Steven Holl to the Moreira Salles Institute (IMS) in São Paulo, as well as many other examples in global architecture, this translucency can be achieved through specialty glass, acrylics, or other plastics. However, polycarbonate is a material that inherently delivers this effect, and it can be used in countless applications, from walls to skylights, and across highly diverse programs.

According to Gerard Peet in The Origin of the Skyscraper, the word "skyscraper" first acquired an architectural connotation in the early 1880s. It appeared in newspaper articles like the Chicago Daily, highlighting the growing construction of tall buildings in New York.

In her book on the history of skyscrapers, Judith Dupré refers to skyscrapers as "soaring divas," "city icons," "movie stars," and "symbols of power" that command the urban scene of our metropolises.

A manifesto invariably anticipates a work. It comes first, as a way of publishing it and disseminating it to a larger audience. Furthermore, a manifesto invariably "post-sees" another manifesto. It rereads a work so as to rewrite it, adapting it to its own theories. 

With the crisis of an entire ideology, the postwar period was highly fertile for architectural theory. Journals published a wide variety of manifestos with surprising frequency. Indeed, these texts illustrate architectural debates far more effectively than built projects from the same period. After all, as the name itself suggests, publications were primarily responsible for making ideas public, especially since actualizing them as projects was often impossible. It was these journals, therefore, that fostered the debates, enabling constant ideological shifts within the architectural field.

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Recycling materials in architecture is not just about pursuing sustainable solutions; it is also about engaging with the past by using discarded materials, defying the construction logic long taught in our discipline. Reusing elements allows historical and cultural contexts to resonate through the materiality and symbolism inherent in each piece, further elevating the project's overall concept.

Returning safely to the streets is beginning to emerge as a new reality for a society that reinvented itself in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic. But what should this renewed experience of public space look like? Are our cities truly prepared to welcome children, adults, women, families, and all social groups? Spurred by these questions, Gabriela Callejas, co-founder of Cidade Ativa, advocates for the “City of Yes”—an approach focused on all people that places the family, in its most diverse configurations, at the center of urban design decisions and municipal investments.

Territorial occupation responds to a series of factors; indeed, it is through economic development and the distribution of income, labor, and services across the territory that we see cities grow and expand. Neighborhoods and regions are gradually transformed in response to current economic models. This logic creates urban voids in the form of fully completed buildings, equipped with complete infrastructure, yet remaining vacant or underutilized. The trajectory of historic centers and street cinemas illustrates this logic, prompting us to reflect on how to address these challenges in the contemporary city.

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Cities are at the center of the crisis caused by Covid-19, once again exposing issues such as the lack of access to housing, transportation, infrastructure, and quality services—especially among low-income populations. The effects of the climate emergency on urban centers are also highly visible and increasingly frequent, as made clear by new evidence in the latest report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Brazil currently faces a water and energy crisis, having also recently suffered from torrential rains, floods, and landslides, some of which resulted in fatalities. In the medium and long term, coastal cities will be affected by rising sea levels.

Expressways are limited-access highways in populated areas, designed to allow high-speed motorized traffic over long distances. Some run through city centers, while others encircle the urban core.

Once considered the pinnacle of transportation design in the 1950s, these projects are now as obsolete as floppy disks. Walking, cycling, and public transit are more sustainable, safe, healthy, efficient, and productive. To address this issue, the Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP) produced the infographic Expressways vs. Complete Streets, aimed at comparing both in terms of health, efficiency, housing, environmental quality, and quality of life.

Sinuous models, sharp curves, geometrically complex shapes. When discussing parametric architecture, these are likely the first images that come to mind. And with good reason. As a design approach, using parameters in the creative process has enabled the creation of striking forms at the intersection of digital technology and construction.

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A study conducted in Australia has proven that green roofs help increase the efficiency of solar panels. Essentially, the panels perform better when they do not get too hot. 

The study analyzed two identical office buildings located side-by-side in Sydney. One was equipped with a conventional photovoltaic solar system, while the other featured solar panels surrounded by vegetation. Both systems were monitored over an eight-month period spanning both summer and winter. 

Jane's Walk is part of the Jane's Walk initiative, an annual festival that aims to honor activist and urbanist Jane Jacobs by organizing city walks around the world to reclaim streets as public spaces for coexistence and community gathering. This text on Jane Jacobs Walks, written by Susana Jiménez, is part of a series of guides made available by the project "La Aventura de Aprender" (The Adventure of Learning), conceived and coordinated by Antonio Lafuente and Patricia Horrillo.

Jiménez, a musician, philosopher, and PhD in art history, has been promoting and coordinating this experience in Madrid since 2010. Every first weekend of May, groups of neighbors and people interested in urban planning and neighborhood networks organize open assemblies to host this activity. It consists of walking through the streets of different proposed neighborhoods and discussing what is happening in them, whether regarding urban planning, housing, local events, or reclaiming collective memory.

In Accra, the capital of Ghana, Owusu, his wife, and their four children share a house with five other tenants and their families in the Tantra Hills neighborhood. The house has one bathroom and electricity, but the costs of both are excessively high. Because it is not connected to the municipal water grid, Owusu must buy water from vendors who charge high prices. The electricity bill, around $50 per month, is higher than his rent of $33. With a monthly income of $175, Owusu lives in constant fear of eviction if rent, water, or electricity prices rise.

In addition, Owusu's neighborhood lacks easy access to public transit. The nearest bus stop is about a kilometer away, and he typically waits up to 30 minutes for a bus. His commute to work at a gas station takes around two hours, even without traffic. From Monday to Saturday, he leaves home at 4:30 AM to beat the rush hour.

Imagine housing strangers in your backyard. Some time ago, the idea might have sounded absurd, but the boom in the tourism market (before the pandemic) made alternative lodging options, such as CouchSurfing and Airbnb, highly sought-after. In Seattle, Washington's largest city, a project is seeking volunteers willing to open up their backyards to install tiny shelters. Unlike programs aimed at young travelers, this initiative has a social purpose: the goal is for people to actually live in these spaces. 

The *Block Project* was conceived by architect Rex Hohlbein after he opened up his own property to house a homeless artist. For Hohlbein, the community must get involved if it wants to solve the housing crisis affecting major cities. Seattle ranks among the 100 most expensive cities in the world to live and work, according to Mercer's 2021 global survey. 

An estimated one billion urban residents live in informal settlements. These settlements have grown in response to rapid population growth and a lack of affordable, higher-quality alternatives. They are "informal" because they do not comply with government regulations. Historically, the official response was typically intimidation or, if they were not highly visible, neglect.

There are many ways to introduce more greenery into our homes and cities, such as bird-attracting trees, vegetable gardens, and medicinal plants. However, certain outdoor zones must serve as pathways, recreational areas, parking spaces, or other functions. For these areas, permeable paving offers an excellent alternative.

Through immense Greek columns, the door centered under the pediment invites one to enter either a temple or a home. The sense of smallness is undeniable. From north to south, this is a recurring scene: no upper-middle-class neighborhood escapes a neoclassical building.