Articles

The urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the transportation sector presents both a challenge and an opportunity for local governments. This is particularly true for Zero Emission Areas (ZEAs)—urban zones where pollutant emissions are neutralized. This measure primarily benefits citizens, who enjoy healthier urban spaces and more vibrant commercial activity. However, ensuring success—or at least mitigating public backlash—requires deep social engagement and effective communication with the population.

The city of Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt, hosts the 2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference, COP27, from November 6 to 18. The conference builds on the negotiations of COP26 in Glasgow, Scotland, in 2021, with the expectation that countries will demonstrate climate ambition and urgency to limit the rise in global temperature to 1.5°C.

Various studies have indicated that, to prevent temperatures from rising more than 1.5°C, there must be a major drop in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To achieve this, it is necessary to develop compact cities designed for pedestrians, cyclists, and transit users, as well as rapidly and strategically adopting electric vehicles, with a focus on public transportation.

On November 21, we celebrate World Television Day, a communication tool that has transformed social relations since its invention in the late 19th century and its industrial widespread adoption beginning in the 1920s. Since then, television programs—inheriting theatrical genres—emerged, evolved, and multiplied, taking center stage in daily life and sparking widespread curiosity about how they work. Among their various aspects, we explore the set designs and present the logic behind television environments. 

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To explain the passage of time, the ancient Greeks relied on two gods: Chronos and Kairos. While the former is represented as ruthless, like a clock that never stops, Kairos evoked the opportune moment for action. In other words, while Chronos is quantitative, Kairos has a qualitative and permanent nature. Indeed, humanity's relationship with the passage of time is not always an easy one. 

Buildings are no different. In his seminal work The Seven Lamps of Architecture (1849), John Ruskin argued that only ruined buildings could preserve our past perceptions and, at the same time, allow us to confront our own mortality. In this sense, the marks of time and rubble were crucial witnesses to architectural aging, which, in his view, achieved an aesthetic somewhere between the sublime and the picturesque. Although this is a somewhat controversial perspective, the idea of considering how a building will endure over time has been gaining traction. It is well known that some materials age better than others: while a plastered white wall quickly shows cracks and stains, a stone wall seems to improve with age, blending into its surroundings, for example. Time brings new nuances, tells the story of what has passed, and lends authenticity to surfaces.

Cities have never been more engaged in climate action. At the 2021 UN Climate Change Conference (COP26), more than 1,100 cities representing a quarter of global CO2 emissions joined the Cities Race to Zero initiative. By doing so, these municipalities committed to ambitious, inclusive, and equitable actions to keep global temperature rise below 1.5°C. In November of this year, at COP27, these cities presented their progress and shared how they plan to deliver on their commitments.

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There is no doubt that the construction of the Barcelona Pavilion by Mies van der Rohe was designed to reaffirm the Modern Movement. This "icon" of the movement, deeply embedded in the architectural imagination, was built to be ephemeral. At the end of the International Exposition, the pavilion was dismantled; however, it was reconstructed 54 years later, sparking a debate within the architectural field regarding the authenticity of this replica.

On Wednesday, November 3, work began on the redevelopment plan for Plaza Baquedano and its surroundings in Santiago de Chile. It is worth noting that Plaza Baquedano—traditionally known as Plaza Italia and recently referred to as Plaza de la Dignidad—is the convergence point for both celebrations and protests. These events have often been marked by social unrest and, particularly following the events of October 18, 2019, have left their mark on the public space. What does the future hold for this site of immense social and political significance?

In the early 19th century, in a Paris on the verge of having its medieval fabric torn open by Haussmann's grand boulevards, novelist George Sand dressed as a man to walk the streets. According to her journals, "in trousers and boots I could fly from one end of the city to the other, regardless of the weather, the hour, or the place." No one paid her any attention, no one guessed her disguise, and no one stared or criticized; she was just another "atom lost in that immense crowd." Thanks to her male attire, Sand experienced fearless incursions and solitary wanderings like a true flâneur—experiences that would later become fundamental to crafting her successful narratives.

Among the various problems stemming from the excessive use of cars in large and medium-sized cities, traffic congestion and time lost in transit are undoubtedly those that receive the most attention from the media and society.

Drivers tend to overlook other issues, however severe, such as traffic fatalities and tragedies, air pollution, the stressful noise generated by motorized vehicles, urban sprawl—which makes cities dysfunctional, expensive, and far-flung—or the hydrological problems caused by the excess of asphalt and concrete dedicated to cars. Generally, these issues are ignored or seen as inevitable, whereas gridlock is highly visible, instantly perceived as a nuisance demanding immediate solutions.

Systems change. Transformation. Deep transition. These terms are used so frequently that they risk becoming buzzwords, obscuring their actual meaning.

Yet, to curb rising global temperatures, conserve nature, and build a fairer economy that benefits everyone, we indeed need deep change across all aspects of our economies—at a pace and scale never seen before.

The illustration above is a famous image by the artist Imperial Boy (帝国少年), who works in the anime industry. I sometimes claim that the entire *solarpunk* genre was inspired by this image. That is an exaggeration, of course—some people have thought very seriously about *solarpunk* design principles—but the influence and appeal of Imperial Boy's design are undeniable. Moreover, other *solarpunk* art, though often lovely, tends not to immediately resemble the kind of cities you would actually want to build; it is either an image of a high-tech farm, or some variation of "slap a tree on the side of every building."

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Mired in a housing crisis for about a decade, New Zealand has modified its zoning laws to allow more medium-density housing to be built in the nation's largest municipalities.

The initiative comes in response to a shortage of housing units, soaring property values and rents, and is aimed at narrowing the widening “chasm” between household incomes and housing costs, as detailed in a report by The Guardian.

Hostile architecture's days may be numbered in Brazil. The Chamber of Deputies has approved a bill that prohibits public authorities from using any material, equipment, or construction technique that deters people or restricts access to public spaces. Bill PL 488/21, named the Padre Júlio Lancelotti Law, now goes to President Jair Bolsonaro for approval.

In cinematic works, the architecture chosen and designed to compose the frame can communicate with the viewer in many ways. Buildings and cities can establish the setting through well-known monuments or specific building types adapted to certain climates, as well as indicate the historical period through tectonic aesthetics. Fantasy works offer an endless creative field for architectural composition and interior design.

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Viña del Mar Moderna is an investigation into the modern architecture that took root in the 1950s and 1960s in the city of Viña del Mar, Chile. Developed by Karla Silva, a designer from UVM, alongside historian Daniel Briones, the research surveys 10 residential buildings constructed as part of the resort city's urban planning. The result of this project is an engaging publication accessible via a digital platform and an open-access book, both presenting historical analysis and context of Latin America, Chile, and the Modern Movement.

Videos

Escola da Cidade hosted journalist Juca Kfouri for a conversation on the relationship between society, politics, and soccer. Juca spoke about the presence of soccer in society and how it also serves as a political medium, emphasizing that it is a cultural, economic, and educational force. He also addressed topics such as the recent events at Pacaembu and the significance of the Maracanã.

“If I said that Brasília is beautiful, people would immediately see that I liked the city. But if I say that Brasília is the image of my insomnia, they see this as an accusation; yet my insomnia is neither beautiful nor ugly — my insomnia is me, lived, it is my astonishment.” — Clarice Lispector

In 2020, Brasília turned 60. The anniversary almost slipped by, but in times of isolation, I recalled the walks I had the opportunity to take there last year — walks that opened my eyes to the beautiful, the unbeautiful, and the “unobvious” in this famous modernist city. That said, I would like to share my astonishment in exploring this machine-city on foot.

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