As widely reported, the global building sector is responsible for 36% of final energy consumption (Global ABC, 2022)—across its full life cycle, from material extraction to end-of-life. Crucially, the energy consumed during building operation accounts for more than 80% of the building's total life-cycle energy. Furthermore, 66% of this energy is known to be consumed primarily by HVAC systems [1].
Against this backdrop, a series of global measures have been promoted to reduce building operational energy, such as improving the thermal insulation of building envelopes, implementing solar shading, incorporating renewable energy, and upgrading to more efficient equipment, among others.
